Anatomy
and Primary Structure of Monocot Stem-maize Stem
The
outline of the maize in transverse section is more or less circular.
Primary
Structure of Monocot Stem-maize Stem
The
outline of the maize in transverse section is more or less circular. The
transverse section of the monocot stem [maize] shows the following plan of
arrangement of tissues from the periphery to the centre.
Epidermis
It
is the outermost layer of the stem. It is made up of single layer of tightly
packed parenchymatous cells. Their outer walls are covered with thick cuticle.
The continuity of this layer may be broken here and there by the presence of a
few stomata. There are no epidermal outgrowths.
Hypodermis
A
few layer of sclerenchymatous cells lying below the epidermis constitute the
hypodermis. This layer gives mechanical strength to the plant. It is
interrupted here and there by chlorenchyma cells.
Ground Tissue
There
is no distinction into cortex, endodermis, pericycle and pith. The entire mass
of parenchyma cells lying inner to the hypodermis forms the ground tissue.
The
cell wall is made up of cellulose. The cells contain reserve food
material like starch. The cells of the ground tissue next to the
hypodermis are smaller in size, polygonal in shape and compactly arranged.
Towards
the centre, the cells are loosely arranged, rounded in shape and bigger in
size. The vascular bundles lie embedded in this tissue. The ground tissue
stores food and performs gaseous exchange.
Vascular Bundles
Vascular
bundles are scattered (atactostele) in the
parenchymatous ground tissue. Each vascular bundle is
surrounded by a sheath of sclerenchy-matousfibres called bundle sheath.
The vascular bundles areconjoint, collateral, endarch and closed.Vascular
bundles are numerous, small and closely arranged in the peripheral
portion. Towards the cen-tre, the bundles are comparatively large in size and
loosely arranged. Vascular bun-dles are skull or oval shaped.
Phloem
The
phloem in the monocot stem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells. Phloem
parenchyma and phloem fibres are absent. It can be distinguished into an outer
crushed protophloem and an inner metaphloem.
Xylem
Xylem
vessels are arranged in the form of ’Y’ the two metaxylem
vessels are located at the upper two arms and one or two protoxylem vessels at
the base. In a mature bundle, the lowest protoxylem disintegrates and forms a
cavity known as protoxylem lacuna.
Anatomical differences between dicot stem and monocot stem
1. Hypodermis
Characters of Dicot Stem :Collenchymatous
Characters of Monocot Stem :Sclerenchymatous
2. Ground tissue
Characters of Dicot Stem : Differentiated into cortex,
endodermis and pericycle and pith
Characters of Monocot Stem : Not differentiated, but it is a
continuous mass of parenchyma
3. Starch Sheath
Characters of Dicot Stem : Present
Characters of Monocot Stem : Absent
4. Medullary rays
Characters of Dicot Stem : Present
Characters of Monocot Stem : Absent
5. Vascular bundles
Characters of Dicot Stem : (a) Collateral and open
Characters of Monocot Stem : (a) Collateral and closed
Characters of Dicot Stem : (b) Arranged in a ring
Characters of Monocot Stem : (b) Scattered in ground tissue
Characters of Dicot Stem : (c) Secondary growth occurs
Characters of Monocot Stem : (c) Secondary growth usually does
not occur.
Anatomical differences
between root and stem
Root : Absence of cuticle and epidermal pores.
Stem : Presence of cuticle and epidermal pores.
Root : Presence of
unicellular root hairs.
Stem : Presence of unicellular and multicellular trichomes
2. Outer Cortical
cells
Root :Chlorenchyma absent
Stem :Chlorenchyma present
3. Endodermis
Root : Well defined
Stem : ill-defined or absent.
4. Vascular bundles
Root : Radial arrangement
Stem : Conjoint arrangement
5. Xylem
Root : Exarch
Stem :Endarch
Dicot Root
Monocot Root